(Parts I and II )
3) The dialectical materialism.
A theory like Marxism needed to sustain a harmonious vision of nature and man, join one and another in a common matrix to exclude any idea or spiritual notion of both. But Marx only first-time outlined some thoughts about an explanation of natural reality, as we said, the heavy work was done by Engels. Production (which includes his book "Dialectics of Nature") is often characterized as "dialectical materialism", and distinguish the dialectical materialism (Marxism itself) is used the abbreviation "Diamat" (which means also the official Marxist doctrine in the former USSR during the Stalinist period). In some respects
engeliano Marxism is a little "cheating", as stated Ferrater Mora, certain basic concepts of Marx. For example, because it argued that historical laws could not be combined in any way with the physical. This man was in a creative being, natural and free from the outset, but he defined it best as being "only natural." However, many other points of dialectical materialism "complete" the historical. Engels
faced the idealism of Hegel. However, thanks to the ideas of this might develop a "philosophy of nature" capable, he believed, to rule and protrude above the tops of mechanical materialism, which was typical of science (well, modern mechanics) and some interpretations of the philosophy of science in the late nineteenth century. For Engels it is a vulgar materialism, and lack of progress in areas of chemistry and biology (the theory of evolution of species). Nor has this mechanistic materialism of science are not tools or methods outside of social conditions.
How could it be otherwise, dialectical materialism is based on the basis of the basic assumptions of all materialism. The only reality that exists is matter and motion (or, in other words, matter and change their processes and their evolution). The presumption Hegelian Absolute Spirit or be a unnecessary and empty, since all reality is material. Hegel was right when he insisted on the global and dialectical nature of the changes in nature, although grossly mistaken to believe that these changes were expressions of the Spirit. What we can do is, says Engels, "investing" and place Hegel's idea in the beginning to matter. What counts are not things or particles that form, but the processes that shape natural reality.
matter that forms the germ of life will leave and then humans. But that may be the transformation from one to another requires an evolution of such dialectical processes in nature do not happen at random or haphazard. On the contrary, follow laws, laws "dialectical", of which three stand out (some claim they are only three.) According to the words of Engels:
"The laws of dialectics are abstracted, therefore, the history of nature and history of human society. These laws are, in effect, another more general laws of the stages of historical development and the same thought. And reduced, in essence, three,-a) barter law of quantity into quality, and vice-b) law of penetration of the enemy,-c) law of negation of negation. "(" Dialectics of Nature ", Grijalbo, Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1979)
A) The law of transition from quantity to quality supposed to change, natural process, is not a simple aggregation of elements, but, given in a certain amount, you enter a new configuration a larger whole (a quality), depending on the nature of each material phenomenon. For example, temperature changes require a kind of reconstruction (a change of state), a new form of material. Similarly, any increase in complexity in the nervous system can lead to a higher psychic reality (the quality of consciousness and thought).
2) The law of unity and struggle of opposites implies that all motion and development, a process and its evolution, not due to external causes beyond the same things, or the hypothetical action of a prime mover but part of the same contradictions of nature, a kind of opposite trends in the evolution of nature and society.
3) The law of negation of negation , in turn, explains the notion of evolution, progress, characterizing any event or occurrence as a contradiction of a first state, which is in turn is negated or removed. Thus, we return to a situation similar to the original, but found in a higher reality. For example, a plant would be the negation of the seed from which grew, but its subsequent evolution implies a negation of the plant, which eventually turned into a heap of new seeds. Engels says, so that the motion itself is full of contradictions, but contradictions that it is "objective" since that explain the natural changes.
put these three laws in perspective, we might conclude by saying that man is a material being, and natural, it evolves and grows as it transforms the very nature that gives form. In this context, the idea of \u200b\u200bGod is futile, and indeed, there is no spiritual reality that can be inserted into this notion of being human. All humans, therefore, is a product of matter, so there is nothing beyond this present life, debiéndose pursue happiness, eagerly, in the world around us, because there is no other that we wait our purpose.
(continued)
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