In current times of severe economic crisis product misuse of concepts, strategies and procedures capitalists, some of the theories of Karl Marx Communist (1818-1893) re-placed, but as the alternative, given the inapplicability of its original tenets, at least it as an intellectual refreshment which can still draw some useful lessons. In this series of six notes aim to provide an overview and introduction of Marxism in the first part will examine the history feuerbaquianos Hegelians and Marx's philosophy, the second economic theories and policies that influenced him and the final structure this philosophy, in the third will examine the dialectical materialism, in the fourth the Problems concerning human (different alignments) in the capitalist, in the fifth set systems society (infrastructure and superstructure), while the latter will focus on the history issue, its various stages, the fall augured capitalism and the establishment of communism.
1) Background to the philosophy of Marx .
The history of philosophy has been characterized by continuous development of new theories whose function has been prosecuted earlier ideas critically. Marx's philosophy is to reinterpret and admonish certain previous systems of thought, among them the powerful Hegel's philosophical construct , some notions about religious alienation Feuerbach, the classical economy of Adam Smith or the various theories prevailing policies so far.
a) In the German universities where he studied Marx idealist philosophy of Hegel was seconded from two pulpits opposite: the 'Hegelian right' claimed compatibility between the philosophy of Hegel and Christianity were politically conservative, while the "Hegelian Left", which was seconded Marx, rejected that relationship, denying there was any possibility of contact between Christianity and Hegelian philosophy, noting also the former as mere myth. In politics, argued that the goal of history had not been reached yet and that persisted many personal alignments needed to be overcome.
To understand Marx must, before, to understand Hegel. Hegel's philosophy of reality conceived as a process in which every event is connected with each other but in opposite ways, contradictory, and eventually settled in new events that will eliminate previous inconsistencies. Hegel understood this process as "dialectical " as a contradictory situation that produced, finally, reconciliation between the two moments. The Hegelian dialectic, which can be applied not only to natural realities but to any of them, including moral situations can be summarized in three episodes. 1) Thesis (or affirmation, or simplicity): the assertion of something regarded as the true reality. 2) Antithesis (or negation, or division): the negation of the previous situation. 3) Synthesis (or reconciliation) when reached after denying the antithesis, surpassing the two previous intervals and resuming them.
This dialectical notion of reality is precisely what Marx inherited. Hegel, on the other hand, identifies the notions of reason or God with the reality and the world, respectively, for holding an "absolute idealism" which leads to his famous phrase " everything real is rational and what is rational real. " The reality and thought are thus one and the same thing as God and the world, so under this pantheism in the historical process that happens is, ultimately, implementation, rather than people or of peoples or states, but self-realization of Spirit (or Reason, God, Mind, the Absolute, etc.). This realization, which is the release of any contradiction, conflict or alienation, can only be achieved, says Hegel, in an absolute state level, ie in a state where the individual, the ego identifies with the community, with the U.S..
Marx accepted and rejected some of the Hegelian theory of history. Collected, for example, the notion of dialectic, the course of history is necessary and moves in a dialectic (although he points out, his mission is reconciliation between the self and us, but the elimination of economic and social inequalities) and the concept of alienation (or alienation), although for Hegel has a more spiritual Marx is more the product of economic reasons. Rejected, on the other hand, has been reached and the self-realization of Spirit, given the precarious life of the proletariat, and also that everything real is rational, given these conditions inhumane, clearly far from rational, well, Marx argues that the conception of history as something which is becoming inevitable (everything that happens must happen, according to Hegel) then you are accepting the rape and abuse of the powerful to the weak, justifying the atrocities and failing to fight for a better world and fairer. Finally, Marx appreciates that what tends to develop in the historical process is not an insubstantial spirit, but the personal situations of each subject, and in particular the material situations in which they live.
b) Ludwig Feuerbach was one of the leading exponents of "Hegelian Left", and its criticism of the philosophical faction is opposed to religious belief, which according to Feuerbach is at the root of all alienation people. For him God is no more than a simple invention designed to delude the people with a better life, or just because they are dissatisfied and, with the idealized notion of a god offset their misery existential. To break the ties that bind the people with imaginary ghosts and try to improve their current circumstances, to release, Feuerbach argued, it is necessary to dispense with the Christian religion, any religion.
Marx, although he agrees with that in relation to the harmful influence of religion, believes the fundamental alienation of human beings is not religious but economic, not religious should be free men to achieve their emancipation material but get this first and only then try to eliminate the blindness to the pious doctrines.
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