Red, Green, Orange, Yellow Wires In Ceiling

Introduction to the thought of Karl Marx (Epilogue)



Series "Introduction to the thought of Karl Marx (6 parts)

-Epilogue: Impact of Marxist thought.

After examining the roots, characteristics and some practical applications claiming the thought of Karl Mark and Frederick Engels in the society of the late nineteenth century, now conclude the series with the influences and the relevance of such thinking in the following century, and the criticisms leveled at certain philosophers.

One of the most remarkable peculiarities of Marxist philosophy is that, besides having great importance in the history of ideas and thought, his thesis crystallized in a practice applicable to the realm of "ordinary life", ie Marxism failed to overcome the intellectual framework to embrace the social and political action. It was the first time this happened (especially at such a large scale, almost global, and with deep roots wherever performed). Lenin and Stalin

, architects of the Communist Revolution in the Soviet Union, Marxist ideology introduced broadly understood but could change some parts or concepts that, in practice, proved difficult to implement. One of the tenets stolen was the period known as the "dictatorship of the proletariat," Marx phase was only temporary, while Lenin was forced to extend in time indefinitely. For this the state was indispensable, while that, remember, believed to be a mere constitir process.

After 1917 Marxism began to expand and reached distant frontiers, not only throughout Soviet rule, but also to nearby countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and China, among others. But such thinking has also left its mark in countries which did not directly applicable due to the formation of parties of a socialist or communist. However, if communism had a rather short life, since only a few decades after its introduction, and especially in the nineties of last century, communist systems ended up choking and collapsing, mainly in the former USSR and Eastern Europe.

This has served to verify that is not always the adoption of Marxist ideas has been as true that Marx himself would have liked, or that such ideas are not applicable in the present historical progress, or lack of sufficient strength or interest to be. Moreover, the communist regimes, far from liberating the working people, was a spur to the oppression and violation of fundamental human rights, to the point of generating a series of horrible and unacceptable genocide in the USSR and China and other countries Communist spirit (believed to have been around a hundred million deaths generated). Concentration camps legendary dramatic famines and purges and imprisonment and corruption, etc.., etc., indicate the possible change of direction that some depraved leaders can get to make their own benefit of Marxist theory.

Intellectually, the Marxism has had both supporters and detractors great illustrious. Georges Politzer, for example, represents the Marxist philosopher enthusiastic, sometimes to unsustainable levels (praising the Leninist policy, and we have already discussed some of their depravity), Karl Popper, in turn, implies the opposite side, strong criticism. One of the biggest censorship that Popper's philosophy is communism has been submitted as an allegedly scientific theory (based on scientific knowledge at the time, and follower of the same methods) and, instead, be completely wrong in their forecasts, advocated the overthrow of capitalism and the emergence of communism, the liberation of the people the disappearance of the State, etc. But, of course, all this has not been fulfilled and, moreover, communism has been the system that has succumbed to his own failures, and capitalism has come to prevail. The facts show that the Marxist philosophy was wrong. Popper concludes his critique by saying, probably rightly, that there is no scientific way to predict events future, but, only, it is possible to reveal general trends.

A critic is calmer L. Stevenson, who points to the inadequate approach to Marxist theory and its application to more complex society. Stresses also that many of the problems that communism had not said any remedy to solve, and in some cases worsened further. However, given that Marxism was able to improve the working conditions of the proletariat: increasing the amount of free time, raising wages, allowing these workers to participate in the future and operation of the enterprise, greater equality among employees, more will continue small businesses, etc. All these proposals in principle marked for communism, have been adopted and enhanced by modern capitalism, generating a substantial improvement in employment conditions and welfare, while increasing performance and production companies.

Therefore, it was both a conceptual and application error which cut short the life of Marxist philosophy, which condemned communism the ostracism and darkness. He died because he did not see that their own assumptions could be poisoned and polluted by greed and the clouding of the great prophets and preachers, prophets, in the name of communism, were blind to the power. Fortunately, his death was not final, as everything in the universe, has risen from the ashes to stop enriching, ennobling and to some extent, the enemy system, capitalism, despite its countless chaos, corruption and vileness, has grown and matured become the model for economic and social growth truly remarkable.

However, there is much to polish under neoliberalism, much to correct and almost everything to innovate. Waiting environment, waiting for the man himself, awaits the same idiosyncratic work, all hoping for a violation of, or reform. Wait a revolution in the concept of work, to perceive and understand it not as an obligation, but a desire daily. Something that breathes life, emotion and joy, not mere economic resources or quality of material life.

The road that lies ahead to achieve this is almost infinite. So let's start walking.

( fundamental Bibliography:

- History of Philosophy , JR Ayllón, M. Izquierdo, C. Diaz, Ariel, 2005
- Dictionary of Philosophy, Ferrater Mora, Ariel, 1994
- Dictionary Herder Philosophy, Cd-Rom, 1997)

Raylene Richards Zodiac

The 'Idol' by Francis Bacon



Among many other intellectual facets, Francis Bacon is remembered primarily as a promoter of the inductive method, proceed away from the traditional Aristotelian and redirect the knowledge of his time to the scientific nature of reality. His most important is "Novum Organum " and contains a logic that understands the rules of the new method, one that interprets nature (constructive logic), and a critical section (destructive logic) whose pages contains the theory of the "Idols" (idola ), which is discussed here today.

Idols are as prejudices or errors that people make when interpreting nature and that it is free if you want to achieve broader understanding of it, concise and accurate. These "false notions" generate a wrong perspective of what exists, hampering the understanding of natural laws and burdening our ultimate vision of reality. Idols block or alter the understanding of what happens around us, but fortunately no possibility of getting rid of them. This requires knowing where to appear, in what contexts and situations of our daily lives. Once done, you will need to supplant the concepts and axioms own Baconian inductive method, but in any case, although not reaching the latter point, what is in essence is to empty our mind of all feature of knowledge, bias or errors a priori.

Bacon argues that there are four different kinds of idols

- Idols of the tribe, which are connected to the same human nature and our understanding of the world. Are due to our intellect imagines a series of parallels, connections, similarities and correspondences not actually exist (or only in the minds of people ...). Intellect is responsible for relating facts and concepts, then a concatenation legitimate warning from them, for the sole reason that he is, to him, reasonable or compelling. For example, the belief that all planetary motion should be circular and perfect is an idol of the tribe because it is believed, only by the mere fact that we preferred this particular geometry, not by the evidence, substituting "superstitions the supreme truths of nature, the light of experience, pride and vainglory "in the words of Bacon.

- The Idols of the Cave are those of the individual man. Each of us lives in his own cave, a cave where light is refracted nature and altered. Our notion of reality is altered and shaped " either own unique nature of each, or education and dealings with others, or by reading books and the authority of those who grow and admire each . "Almost every man builds his own idols particular cave, so that its diversity is immense

- The Idols of Forum (or Trade, Market or ) " arising from the agreement and the association of the human race each other ." Men, designate often mistakenly particular meanings to certain terms or expressions of language. There are words that have meaning and yet not denote any reality, while others some real things are defined or used improperly confused. Such idols are those that Bacon regarded as more dangerous, cause verbal dispute and that "insinuate to the intellect through the agreement of words, but it also happens that the words are twisted and reflect their strength of intellect, which becomes sophistical philosophy and science. "

- Finally, the Idols of the Theater are those penetraton in the intellect of man from " of the various dogmas of philosophies and also from the evil laws demonstrations." All previous philosophy is, for Bacon, " composed and performed a fable in which were forged fictitious and theatrical worlds ". Also, something similar can be said, according to Bacon," many principles and axioms of sciences, which were imposed by tradition, credulity and negligence . "Bacon said that the only authority they have such schools, theories or scientific or philosophical axioms is that they are building a large product verbal talent, but its content is hardly enlightening to discover the natural laws. Bacon classified into three groups to Idols of the Theatre: sophistical (based on false arguments, such as Aristotle), empirical (based on erroneous generalizations, such as the alquismistas) and superstitious (which are based on the reverence and respect for mere authority, as Platonism and Pythagoreanism).

[These four types of idols Max Scheler added a fifth, the Idols of Internal Knowledge that produce those who argue that all perception of oneself (no external knowledge, like its predecessors) is correct and accurate with reality, reflecting the human being as it is in truth.]

Once we remove the idols, whatever they are, our mind will be able to acquire a genuine knowledge, knowledge based on the laws of nature and that without any a priori background, we can finally access and reach an understanding and develop a description of the world and its workings as it actually is.

Out Of Town Wedding Bags Note

"Groove Time" by Emilio Lledó Male and freedom



Philosophy is the art of reaching the sublime expression of what falls from reality to ourselves. A bridge between the tapestry of the ruling and our perception of who we are and our surroundings. Many times, philosophers have tried to make explicit the relationship, give it life and give the rest of us to a better understanding of such a connection, sometimes not say anything really not heard since, but have been limited to recompose the way which is enshrined the rule of thought and existence, making their union and opening new ways of understanding. Perhaps

Emilio Lledó (and particularly in his work "time groove") is one of those scribes whose words serve to reintroduce them into concepts and familiar themes, but which is given to relevant twist offer the same innovative vision, innovation that seduces and surprises. Lledó opens his text with a fragment of Plato's Phaedrus, where the myth is told and Thamus Theuth a dialogue about language, its power, the magic of words, the silence of the author, the seeds they pose to other artists , etc. All work and wander Lledó penetrates the interstices of this content marinated and enriching them with a set of images, metaphors and symbols that give the text of a unique beauty and charm.

One of the main issues that constantly runs Lledó book is seen as the seed word, not accepting it as such is resigning his meaning to what comes of it, but as germ own thoughts, life and personal movement. " think, then, to germinate what is in the soul " says the author. "Words written grow only one who ... trace new paths with those words, which enshrines new ideas, the other planting. " Here goes Lledó, " But the word as a seed, because of the ambiguity that their history is based on it, lets go an unexpected seed growing. The words of a language and syntax that organizes ... recover resonances in the inner world that are not originally them. " Planting is easy, but maturation requires work. Language not only conveys a sense of reference of words but, to be helpful and fruitful, it is necessary to transmit the voice of the text of his very being and consciousness. This requires the last time it was written the word, and present in which time is read, relishes and delights, the juice of the letters.

time, word, past, communication, writing, language, dialogue, beauty, memory, metaphor, image, figurative, sense, consciousness, experience, discourse, space, be forgotten, and their Latino counterparts logos, psyche , philía , démos , aletheia , among many others, are the voices that fill the fascinating and promising lledoniano universe, which embraces distant shores of thought and close it, which amounts to the limits of understanding to lower back to earth with agile and admirable philosophical prose, almost poetic, we would say, almost an ode to evocative power of words, live text that generates new ways of seeing and feeling.

An apology speech, dignified communication, exchange, either live or over time, the letter which is embodied in speech, or speech that can reach the form of letter, to be seen, magazine and alive for evermore. A yes to speech, the speech generous, open and fruitful, which provides, who see in him the fruit, while the seed, an endless future.

(See Review in CríticaDeLibros )